Kernel Metadata Declaration — on demand
ISO 26324 asks a DOI Registration Agency to produce a Kernel Metadata Declaration for every DOI it issues. Give any DOI: its public record becomes a record in the Smart Scholars DOI Metadata Format 1.0, checked against every rule, and declared as the Kernel XML.
✓ Meets every rule of the format
The record below is complete and every controlled value is a DOI Attribute Value Set 2.3 spelling. The Declaration on the right follows DOIMetadataKernel.xsd element by element.
What the DOI identifies
Ethical Challenges and Bias in AI Decision-Making Systems
10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i01.pp26-38 · JournalArticle — an article in a journal · Digital · Visual · Language · en
Published 2025-01-30
Part of Journal of Science & Technology · ISSN 2456-5660 · vol. 10 · no. 1 · pp. 26–38
Principal agents
- Amit Nandal (author → Author) · ORCID 0009-0006-7834-3558
- Vivek Yadav (author → Author)
- Longman Publishers (publisher → Publisher)
Also in the record, outside the Kernel: the abstract, the licence, 3 links, 13 references. Source: Crossref (member 25296), registered 2025-05-10, last deposited 2026-09-15.
System metadata — ISO 26324:2025, Annex B · DOI Handbook 10.1
Each element by the standard's name and the Handbook's (in grey), read off the record.
| DOI Name DOI name | 10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i01.pp26-38 |
| Referent Type referentType | Creation |
| Referent Sub-Type referentSubType | JournalArticle — an article in a journal |
| Referent Name(s) referentName(s) | Ethical Challenges and Bias in AI Decision-Making Systems (PrincipalTitle, en) |
| Basic Metadata basicMetadata | author: Amit Nandal author: Vivek Yadav publisher: Longman Publishers published: 2025-01-30 part of: Journal of Science & Technology · ISSN 2456-5660 · vol. 10 · no. 1 · pp. 26–38 language: en form: Digital · Visual · Language |
| Referent Identifier(s) alternateIdentifier(s) | none besides the DOI |
| Registration Authority registrationAuthorityCode | Crossref — issued by Crossref (member 25296); held here as a copy |
| Created Date issueDate | 2025-05-10 |
| relatedIdentifiers | none needed — the descriptive metadata is in this record |
The record
{
"format": "smartscholars-doi-metadata/1.0",
"doi": "10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i01.pp26-38",
"referent": "Creation",
"type": "JournalArticle",
"structural_type": "Digital",
"modes": [
"Visual"
],
"characters": [
"Language"
],
"titles": [
{
"value": "Ethical Challenges and Bias in AI Decision-Making Systems",
"type": "PrincipalTitle",
"lang": "en"
}
],
"identifiers": [
{
"type": "DOI",
"value": "10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i01.pp26-38"
}
],
"agents": [
{
"role": "author",
"name": {
"given": "",
"family": "Amit Nandal"
},
"sequence": "first",
"identifiers": [
{
"type": "ORCID",
"value": "0009-0006-7834-3558",
"verified": false
}
]
},
{
"role": "author",
"name": {
"given": "",
"family": "Vivek Yadav"
},
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"role": "publisher",
"name": {
"org": "Longman Publishers"
}
}
],
"dates": {
"published": "2025-01-30",
"date_type": "PublicationDate",
"online": "2025-01-30"
},
"language": "en",
"container": {
"type": "Journal",
"titles": [
{
"value": "Journal of Science & Technology",
"type": "PrincipalTitle"
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"identifiers": [
{
"type": "ISSN",
"value": "2456-5660",
"medium": "electronic"
}
],
"volume": "10",
"issue": "1",
"pages": {
"first": "26",
"last": "38"
}
},
"links": [
{
"url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/1254",
"return_type": "text/html",
"primary": true
},
{
"url": "https://jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/1254/984",
"purpose": "text-mining",
"return_type": "application/pdf"
},
{
"url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/1254/984",
"purpose": "similarity-checking"
}
],
"abstract": {
"value": "The focus of this paper is an examination of the ethical dilemmas and biases present in decision-makingsystems within the field of AI focusing on their implications for fairness, transparency, and accountability. Justas AI becomes imbued into various sectors such as health, finance, policing, or hiring, the concern for thepotential bias in outcomes and discrimination has gained much more traction. The historical data that underliethe training of the AI systems are essentially reflective of the social biases that exist in society now. These misusesmake a cycle out of the discrimination and augmenting it. Mostly, we must understand how biases pallor explicitor itself impute in AI algorithms and consequences to the communities suffering the most, that is, race, gender,and socio-economic status. The paper also enquires into the ethical dilemmas resulting from the applicationpossibility of inflicting non-intentional harm. It highlights additional issues surrounding AI transparencybecause many of them are \"black boxes\" regarding which understanding how the decisions were made isdifficult. Some recommendations for potential solutions are also provided, which include the need for moreregulation, creating more diverse data sets, implementing greater transparency in algorithms, and bringing ininterdisciplinary teams during the AI development process to curb bias and improve fairness. Addressing theseethical challenges will secure the successful application of AI systems for society in a fair way in a way that doesnot encourage harmful bias or discrimination.",
"lang": "en"
},
"license": {
"url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
"start": "2025-01-30",
"applies_to": "vor"
},
"references": [
{
"key": "ref1",
"unstructured": "Somepalli, S. Navigating Enterprise Software Implementation: Emphasizing the Superiority of Hybrid Methodologies Over Strict Agile or Waterfall Approaches"
},
{
"key": "ref2",
"doi": "10.4103/0976-7800.195696",
"unstructured": "Deepa D, Jain G. Assessment of periodontal health status in postmenopausal women visiting dental hospital from in and around Meerut city: Cross-sectional observational study. J Midlife Health. 2016 Oct-Dec;7(4):175-179. doi: 10.4103/0976-7800.195696"
},
{
"key": "ref3",
"unstructured": "Bansal, A. (2024). Enhancing Business User Experience: By Leveraging SQL Automation through Snowflake Tasks for BI Tools and Dashboards. ESP Journal of Engineering & Technology Advancements (ESP-JETA), 4(4), 1-6. Figure 4: Comparison chart Amit Nandal, Vivek Yadav: Ethical Challenges and Bias in AI Decision-Making Systems"
},
{
"key": "ref4",
"doi": "10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105132",
"unstructured": "Barma MD, Muthupandiyan I, Samuel SR, Amaechi BT. Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans, antioxidant property and cytotoxicity of novel nano-zinc oxide varnish. Arch Oral Biol. 2021 Jun;126:105132. doi: 10.1016/j. archoralbio.2021.105132. Epub 2021 Apr 23"
},
{
"key": "ref5",
"unstructured": "Bharathy, S. S. P. D., Preethi, P., Karthick, K., & Sangeetha, S. (2017). Hand Gesture Recognition for Physical Impairment Peoples. SSRG International Journal of Computer Science and Engineering (SSRG-IJCSE), 6-10"
},
{
"key": "ref6",
"doi": "10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2510",
"unstructured": "Faheem, M. A. (2024). Ethical AI: Addressing bias, fairness, and accountability in autonomous decision-making systems. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 23(2), 1703- 1711"
},
{
"key": "ref7",
"doi": "10.1016/j.modpat.2024.100686",
"unstructured": "Hanna, M., Pantanowitz, L., Jackson, B., Palmer, O., Visweswaran, S., Pantanowitz, J.,... & Rashidi, H. (2024). Ethical and Bias considerations in artificial intelligence (AI)/ machine learning. Modern Pathology, 100686"
},
{
"key": "ref8",
"unstructured": "Tanaka, H., & Nakamura, Y. (2024). Ethical Dilemmas in AI-Driven Decision-Making Processes. Digital Transformation and Administration Innovation, 2(2), 17-23"
},
{
"key": "ref9",
"doi": "10.47672/ejt.1890",
"unstructured": "Konidena, B. K., Malaiyappan, J. N. A., & Tadimarri, A. (2024). Ethical considerations in the development and deployment of AI systems. European Journal of Technology, 8(2), 41-53"
},
{
"key": "ref10",
"doi": "10.60087/jaigs.v3i1.62",
"unstructured": "Islam, M. M. (2024). Ethical Considerations in AI: Navigating the Complexities of Bias and Accountability. Journal of Artificial Intelligence General science (JAIGS) ISSN: 3006-4023, 3(1), 2-30"
},
{
"key": "ref11",
"unstructured": "Somepalli, S. Safeguarding Patient Trust: The Importance of COI, COC, and Configurable MES in CGT"
},
{
"key": "ref12",
"unstructured": "Rekha, P., Saranya, T., Preethi, P., Saraswathi, L., &Shobana, G. (2017). Smart agro using arduino and gsm. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Engineering Research (IJETER) Volume, 5"
},
{
"key": "ref13",
"unstructured": "Somepalli, S. Artificial Intelligence in Utilities: Predictive Maintenance and Beyond"
}
],
"record": {
"registrant": "Longman Publishers",
"registered": "2025-05-10",
"updated": "2026-09-15",
"issue_number": 1,
"source": "crossref-api",
"source_agency": "Crossref (member 25296)"
}
}The Kernel Metadata Declaration
DOIMetadataKernel.xsd · namespace http://www.doi.org/2010/DOISchema · Attribute Value Sets 2.3 · draft — the agency's DOI name is filled in on accreditation
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- DRAFT declaration: Smart Scholars is not yet a DOI Registration Agency. registrationAgencyDoiName is a marker (10.0/ is no RA's prefix) and is filled in on accreditation. -->
<kernelMetadata xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.doi.org/2010/DOISchema https://www.doi.org/doi_schemas/DOIMetadataKernel.xsd" xmlns="http://www.doi.org/2010/DOISchema">
<referentDoiName>10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i01.pp26-38</referentDoiName>
<primaryReferentType>Creation</primaryReferentType>
<registrationAgencyDoiName>10.0/smart-scholars-draft</registrationAgencyDoiName>
<issueDate>2026-10-04</issueDate>
<issueNumber>1</issueNumber>
<referentCreation>
<name primaryLanguage="en">
<value>Ethical Challenges and Bias in AI Decision-Making Systems</value>
<type>PrincipalTitle</type>
</name>
<identifier>
<nonUriValue>10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i01.pp26-38</nonUriValue>
<uri returnType="text/html" doesContentNegotiation="true">https://doi.org/10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i01.pp26-38</uri>
<type>DOI</type>
</identifier>
<identifier>
<uri returnType="text/html">https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/1254</uri>
<type>URI</type>
</identifier>
<identifier>
<uri>https://jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/1254/984</uri>
<type>URI</type>
</identifier>
<identifier>
<uri>https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/1254/984</uri>
<type>URI</type>
</identifier>
<structuralType>Digital</structuralType>
<mode>Visual</mode>
<character>Language</character>
<type>JournalArticle</type>
<principalAgent>
<name>
<value>Amit Nandal</value>
<type>PrincipalName</type>
</name>
<identifier>
<nonUriValue>0009-0006-7834-3558</nonUriValue>
<uri returnType="text/html">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7834-3558</uri>
<type>ORCID</type>
</identifier>
<role>Author</role>
</principalAgent>
<principalAgent>
<name>
<value>Vivek Yadav</value>
<type>PrincipalName</type>
</name>
<role>Author</role>
</principalAgent>
<principalAgent>
<name>
<value>Longman Publishers</value>
<type>PrincipalName</type>
</name>
<role>Publisher</role>
</principalAgent>
<linkedCreation>
<name>
<value>Journal of Science & Technology</value>
<type>PrincipalTitle</type>
</name>
<identifier>
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<type>ISSN</type>
</identifier>
<referentCreationRole>Part</referentCreationRole>
<referentCreationSequenceIdentifier>
<value>10</value>
<type>VolumeNumber</type>
</referentCreationSequenceIdentifier>
<referentCreationSequenceIdentifier>
<value>1</value>
<type>IssueNumber</type>
</referentCreationSequenceIdentifier>
<referentCreationSequenceIdentifier>
<value>26-38</value>
<type>PageNumber</type>
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</linkedCreation>
<language>en</language>
<languageOfReferentContent>
<language>en</language>
<languageOfReferentContentType>Original</languageOfReferentContentType>
</languageOfReferentContent>
<creationDate>
<date>2025-01-30</date>
<creationDateType>PublicationDate</creationDateType>
</creationDate>
</referentCreation>
</kernelMetadata>
