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Kernel Metadata Declaration — on demand

ISO 26324 asks a DOI Registration Agency to produce a Kernel Metadata Declaration for every DOI it issues. Give any DOI: its public record becomes a record in the Smart Scholars DOI Metadata Format 1.0, checked against every rule, and declared as the Kernel XML.

Reads the DOI's public Crossref record; nothing is stored. Until Smart Scholars is accredited, every Declaration is marked as a draft in the XML itself.

✓ Meets every rule of the format

The record below is complete and every controlled value is a DOI Attribute Value Set 2.3 spelling. The Declaration on the right follows DOIMetadataKernel.xsd element by element.

What the DOI identifies

ENGINEERING EDUCATION – IS PROBLEMBASED OR PROJECT-BASED LEARNING THE ANSWER?

10.46243/jst.2021.v6.i06.pp193-205 · JournalArticle — an article in a journal · Digital · Visual · Language · en

Published 2021-12-28

Part of Journal of Science & Technology · ISSN 2456-5660 · vol. 06 · no. 06 · pp. 193–205

Principal agents

  • V David (author → Author)
  • D Rajeev Naik (author → Author)
  • Longman Publishers (publisher → Publisher)

Also in the record, outside the Kernel: the abstract, the licence, 4 links, 32 references. Source: Crossref (member 25296), registered 2026-09-08, last deposited 2026-09-20.

⬇ Record (JSON) ⬇ Declaration (XML)

System metadata — ISO 26324:2025, Annex B · DOI Handbook 10.1

Each element by the standard's name and the Handbook's (in grey), read off the record.

DOI Name
DOI name
10.46243/jst.2021.v6.i06.pp193-205
Referent Type
referentType
Creation
Referent Sub-Type
referentSubType
JournalArticle — an article in a journal
Referent Name(s)
referentName(s)
ENGINEERING EDUCATION – IS PROBLEMBASED OR PROJECT-BASED LEARNING THE ANSWER? (PrincipalTitle, en)
Basic Metadata
basicMetadata
author: V David
author: D Rajeev Naik
publisher: Longman Publishers
published: 2021-12-28
part of: Journal of Science & Technology · ISSN 2456-5660 · vol. 06 · no. 06 · pp. 193–205
language: en
form: Digital · Visual · Language
Referent Identifier(s)
alternateIdentifier(s)
none besides the DOI
Registration Authority
registrationAuthorityCode
Crossref — issued by Crossref (member 25296); held here as a copy
Created Date
issueDate
2026-09-08
relatedIdentifiersnone needed — the descriptive metadata is in this record

The record

{
    "format": "smartscholars-doi-metadata/1.0",
    "doi": "10.46243/jst.2021.v6.i06.pp193-205",
    "referent": "Creation",
    "type": "JournalArticle",
    "structural_type": "Digital",
    "modes": [
        "Visual"
    ],
    "characters": [
        "Language"
    ],
    "titles": [
        {
            "value": "ENGINEERING EDUCATION – IS PROBLEMBASED OR PROJECT-BASED LEARNING THE ANSWER?",
            "type": "PrincipalTitle",
            "lang": "en"
        }
    ],
    "identifiers": [
        {
            "type": "DOI",
            "value": "10.46243/jst.2021.v6.i06.pp193-205"
        }
    ],
    "agents": [
        {
            "role": "author",
            "name": {
                "given": "",
                "family": "V David"
            },
            "sequence": "first"
        },
        {
            "role": "author",
            "name": {
                "given": "",
                "family": "D Rajeev Naik"
            },
            "sequence": "additional"
        },
        {
            "role": "publisher",
            "name": {
                "org": "Longman Publishers"
            }
        }
    ],
    "dates": {
        "published": "2021-12-28",
        "date_type": "PublicationDate",
        "online": "2021-12-28"
    },
    "language": "en",
    "container": {
        "type": "Journal",
        "titles": [
            {
                "value": "Journal of Science & Technology",
                "type": "PrincipalTitle"
            }
        ],
        "identifiers": [
            {
                "type": "ISSN",
                "value": "2456-5660",
                "medium": "electronic"
            }
        ],
        "volume": "06",
        "issue": "06",
        "pages": {
            "first": "193",
            "last": "205"
        }
    },
    "links": [
        {
            "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/556",
            "return_type": "text/html",
            "primary": true
        },
        {
            "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/556/494",
            "purpose": "text-mining",
            "return_type": "application/pdf"
        },
        {
            "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/556/2534",
            "purpose": "text-mining",
            "return_type": "application/xml"
        },
        {
            "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/556/494",
            "purpose": "similarity-checking"
        }
    ],
    "abstract": {
        "value": "The dominant pedagogy for engineering education still remains ‚chalk and talk‛, despite the large body of education research that demonstrates its ineffectiveness. In recent years, the engineering profession and the bodies responsible for accrediting engineering programs have called for change. This paper discusses the application of problem-based and project-based learning to engineering education, examines the difference between them. It reviews some examples of where they have been used to date and discusses the effectiveness and relevance of each method for engineering education.",
        "lang": "en"
    },
    "license": {
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "start": "2021-12-28",
        "applies_to": "vor"
    },
    "references": [
        {
            "key": "ref1",
            "unstructured": "Henshaw, R., Desirable attributes for professional engineers. In Agnew, J.B. & Creswell, C. (Eds.) Broadening Horizons of Engineering Education, 3rd Annual conference of Australasian Association for Engineering Education. 15-18 December, 1991. University of Adelaide. 199-204 (1991)"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref2",
            "doi": "10.1002/j.2168-9830.1999.tb00410.x",
            "unstructured": "Lang, J.D., Cruise, S., McVey, F.D. & McMasters, J., Industry expectations of new engineers: A survey to assist curriculum designers. Journal of Engineering Education, 88, 1, 43-51, (1999)"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref3",
            "unstructured": "American Society of Engineering Education, The Green Report: Engineering education for a changing world. ASEE, Washington DC, (1994). Available on-line at http://www.asee.org/publications/reports/green.cfm"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref4",
            "unstructured": "Institution of Engineers, Australia, Changing the culture: Engineering education into the future. Review report. Canberra: Institution of Engineers, (1996)"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref5",
            "unstructured": "ABET, Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Programs. Engineering Accreditation Commission of the Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology, Baltimore, Maryland, (2001). Available on-line at http://www.abet.org/criteria.html rd"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref6",
            "unstructured": "SARTOR, Standards and Routes to Registration: SARTOR (3 ed), (2000). On-line from http://www.engc.org.uk/registration/sartor.asp"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref7",
            "unstructured": "Institution of Engineers, Australia, Manual for the accreditation of professional engineering programs. Revised: 7 October 1999. Canberra: Institution of Engineers, (1999)"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref8",
            "doi": "10.18260/1-2--7729",
            "unstructured": "Koehn, E., ABET program criteria for educating engineering students. International Conference on Engineering Education, ICEE'99, Paper 413, (1999). Available on-line at http://www.fs.vsb.cz/akce/1999/ICEE99/Proceedings/papers/413/413.htm"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref9",
            "unstructured": "Williams, A. & Williams, P.J., Problem based learning: An approach to teaching technology. In Ostwald, M. & Kingsland, A. (Eds.). Research and development in Problem Based Learning, Vol. 2, 1994: Reflection and Consolidation. Australian Problem Based Learning Network, University of Newcastle, NSW. 355-367, (1994)"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref10",
            "doi": "10.4324/9781315042039-20",
            "unstructured": "Woods, D.R., Issues in implementation in an otherwise conventional programme. In Boud, D.& Feletti, G.I. (eds.) The challenge of problem-based learning, 2nd ed, Kogan Page, London. 173-180, (1997)"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref11",
            "doi": "10.1002/j.2168-9830.1997.tb00270.x",
            "unstructured": "Woods, D. R., Hrymak, A.N., Marshall, R.R., Wood, P.E., Crowe, C.M., Hoffman, T.W., Wright, J.D., Taylor, P.A., Woodhouse, K.A., & Bouchard, C.G.K., Developing problem solving skills: The McMaster problem solving program. Journal of Engineering Education, 86, 2, 75-91, (1997)"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref12",
            "doi": "10.1080/03043799208923189",
            "unstructured": "Hadgraft, R.G., Experiences of Two Problem-Oriented Courses in Civil Engineering. In Agnew, J.B. and Cresswell, C. (eds) Broadening horizons in engineering education, 3rd Annual Conference of the Australasian Association for Engineering Education. University of Adelaide, 292-297, (1991)"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref13",
            "unstructured": "Hadgraft, R., Problem-based learning-making it work. In Simmons, J.M., Radcliffe, D.F. & Wallace, K.B. (Eds.) New opportunities and challenges for engineering th education. 4 Annual Conference of the Australasian Association for Engineering Education. University of Queensland, 134-139, (1992)"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref14",
            "doi": "10.1080/03043799708923444",
            "unstructured": "Hadgraft, R., Student reactions to a problem-based fourth year computing elective in civil engineering. European journal of engineering education, 22, 2, 115-123, (1997)"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref15",
            "doi": "10.1061/(asce)1052-3928(1999)125:1(8)",
            "unstructured": "Johnson, P.A., Problem-based, cooperative learning in the engineering classroom. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, Jan 1999, 8-11, (1999)"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref16",
            "unstructured": "Rogers, G.G. & Morgan, L., Problem-based learning in a Mechatronic Engineering degree. In Howard, P., Swarbrick, G. & Churches, A. (Eds.) Waves of Change, 10th AAEE conference, 28-30 September, Gladstone, Australia, 11-14, (1998)"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref17",
            "unstructured": "Lemckert, C.J., Bringing problem-based learning into a traditional teaching environment. In Howard, P., Swarbrick, G. & Churches, A. (Eds.) Waves of Change, th 10 Conference of AAEE, 28-30 September, 1998, Gladstone, Queensland, Australia, 53- 57, (1998)"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref18",
            "unstructured": "Woods, D.R., Felder, R.M., Rugarcia, A. & Stice, J.E., The future of engineering education III. Developing critical skills. Chemical Engineering Education, 34, 2, 108- 117, (2000)"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref19",
            "doi": "10.1080/0729436930120203",
            "unstructured": "Feletti, G., Inquiry based and problem based learning: How similar are these approaches to nursing and medical education? Higher Education Research and Development, 12, 2, 143-156, (1993)"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref20",
            "doi": "10.1080/713699144",
            "unstructured": "Perrenet, J.C., Bouhuijs, P.A.J. & Smits, J.G.M.M., The suitability of problem-based learning for engineering education: theory and practice. Teaching in higher education, 5, 3, 345-358, (2000)"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref21",
            "doi": "10.1080/03043799608923395",
            "unstructured": "Heitmann, G. Project-oriented study and project-organized curricula: A brief review of intentions and solutions. European Journal of Engineering Education 21, 2, 121-131, (1996)"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref22",
            "unstructured": "Clausen, T., Project work as an integrating and revenue-making tool. International Conference on Engineering Education, Rio de Janeiro, August 17-20, 1998. Paper 118, (1998). Available at http://www.ctc.puc-rio.br/icee-98/Icee/papers/118.pdf"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref23",
            "doi": "10.1002/tl.37219956108",
            "unstructured": "Pavelich, M.J. et al. Real-world problem solving in Freshman Sophomore Engineering. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 61, 45-54, (1995)"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref24",
            "doi": "10.1145/235688.235692",
            "unstructured": "Rosenbaum, D.B., Schools erase chalk-and-talk. Engineering News-Record, 24-30, (1996, September 2)"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref25",
            "doi": "10.1080/03043799608923397",
            "unstructured": "Kolmos, A., Reflections on project work and problem-based learning. European Journal of Engineering Education, 21, 2, 141-148, (1996)"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref26",
            "doi": "10.1109/fie.1999.839084",
            "unstructured": "Fink, F.K., Integration of engineering practice into curriculum-25 years of experience with problem based learning. In 29th ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, November 10-13, 1999, San Juan, Puerto Rico. Session 11a2, 7-12, (1999). Available at http://fie.engrng.pitt.edu/fie99/"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref27",
            "doi": "10.1080/03043799408923285",
            "unstructured": "Kjersdam, F., Tomorrow's engineering education-The Aalborg experiment. European Journal of Engineering Education, 19, 2, 197-203, (1994)"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref28",
            "unstructured": "Creese, R., A project-centred engineering program. Engineering education, 78, 2, 100-104, (1987)"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref29",
            "unstructured": "Hadgraft, R.G. and Young, W., Teaching Strategy. Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, (1998). Available on line at http://cleo.eng.monash.edu.au/teaching/vision/strategy.htm"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref30",
            "unstructured": "Wolfs, P.J., Howard, P., Vann, A. & Edwards, R., A response to the national engineering education review, BE2001-A project based engineering degree. In J. Conway, R. Fisher, L. Sheridan-Burns & G. Ryan (Eds.) Research and development in problem based learning. Vol 4, University of Newcastle, NSW., 674-681, (1997)"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref31",
            "unstructured": "Hendy, P.L. & Hadgraft, R.G., Evaluating problem-based learning in Civil th Engineering. In 13 Annual Conference of the Australasian Association for Engineering Education, 30 Sept–2 Oct, 2002, Canberra, Australia. pp. 133-138, (2002)"
        },
        {
            "key": "ref32",
            "doi": "10.18260/1-2--11062",
            "unstructured": "Mills, J.E., A case study of project-based learning in structural engineering, In 2002 American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) Annual conference, June 16-19, Montreal, Canada. On-line at http://www.asee.org/conferences/caps/document2/2002- 51"
        }
    ],
    "record": {
        "registrant": "Longman Publishers",
        "registered": "2026-09-08",
        "updated": "2026-09-20",
        "issue_number": 1,
        "source": "crossref-api",
        "source_agency": "Crossref (member 25296)"
    }
}

The Kernel Metadata Declaration

DOIMetadataKernel.xsd · namespace http://www.doi.org/2010/DOISchema · Attribute Value Sets 2.3 · draft — the agency's DOI name is filled in on accreditation

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- DRAFT declaration: Smart Scholars is not yet a DOI Registration Agency. registrationAgencyDoiName is a marker (10.0/ is no RA's prefix) and is filled in on accreditation. -->
<kernelMetadata xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.doi.org/2010/DOISchema https://www.doi.org/doi_schemas/DOIMetadataKernel.xsd" xmlns="http://www.doi.org/2010/DOISchema">
  <referentDoiName>10.46243/jst.2021.v6.i06.pp193-205</referentDoiName>
  <primaryReferentType>Creation</primaryReferentType>
  <registrationAgencyDoiName>10.0/smart-scholars-draft</registrationAgencyDoiName>
  <issueDate>2026-10-04</issueDate>
  <issueNumber>1</issueNumber>
  <referentCreation>
    <name primaryLanguage="en">
      <value>ENGINEERING EDUCATION – IS PROBLEMBASED OR PROJECT-BASED LEARNING THE ANSWER?</value>
      <type>PrincipalTitle</type>
    </name>
    <identifier>
      <nonUriValue>10.46243/jst.2021.v6.i06.pp193-205</nonUriValue>
      <uri returnType="text/html" doesContentNegotiation="true">https://doi.org/10.46243/jst.2021.v6.i06.pp193-205</uri>
      <type>DOI</type>
    </identifier>
    <identifier>
      <uri returnType="text/html">https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/556</uri>
      <type>URI</type>
    </identifier>
    <identifier>
      <uri>https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/556/494</uri>
      <type>URI</type>
    </identifier>
    <identifier>
      <uri returnType="application/xml">https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/556/2534</uri>
      <type>URI</type>
    </identifier>
    <identifier>
      <uri>https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/556/494</uri>
      <type>URI</type>
    </identifier>
    <structuralType>Digital</structuralType>
    <mode>Visual</mode>
    <character>Language</character>
    <type>JournalArticle</type>
    <principalAgent>
      <name>
        <value>V David</value>
        <type>PrincipalName</type>
      </name>
      <role>Author</role>
    </principalAgent>
    <principalAgent>
      <name>
        <value>D Rajeev Naik</value>
        <type>PrincipalName</type>
      </name>
      <role>Author</role>
    </principalAgent>
    <principalAgent>
      <name>
        <value>Longman Publishers</value>
        <type>PrincipalName</type>
      </name>
      <role>Publisher</role>
    </principalAgent>
    <linkedCreation>
      <name>
        <value>Journal of Science &amp; Technology</value>
        <type>PrincipalTitle</type>
      </name>
      <identifier>
        <nonUriValue>2456-5660</nonUriValue>
        <type>ISSN</type>
      </identifier>
      <referentCreationRole>Part</referentCreationRole>
      <referentCreationSequenceIdentifier>
        <value>06</value>
        <type>VolumeNumber</type>
      </referentCreationSequenceIdentifier>
      <referentCreationSequenceIdentifier>
        <value>06</value>
        <type>IssueNumber</type>
      </referentCreationSequenceIdentifier>
      <referentCreationSequenceIdentifier>
        <value>193-205</value>
        <type>PageNumber</type>
      </referentCreationSequenceIdentifier>
    </linkedCreation>
    <language>en</language>
    <languageOfReferentContent>
      <language>en</language>
      <languageOfReferentContentType>Original</languageOfReferentContentType>
    </languageOfReferentContent>
    <creationDate>
      <date>2021-12-28</date>
      <creationDateType>PublicationDate</creationDateType>
    </creationDate>
  </referentCreation>
</kernelMetadata>
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