Kernel Metadata Declaration — on demand
ISO 26324 asks a DOI Registration Agency to produce a Kernel Metadata Declaration for every DOI it issues. Give any DOI: its public record becomes a record in the Smart Scholars DOI Metadata Format 1.0, checked against every rule, and declared as the Kernel XML.
✓ Meets every rule of the format
The record below is complete and every controlled value is a DOI Attribute Value Set 2.3 spelling. The Declaration on the right follows DOIMetadataKernel.xsd element by element.
What the DOI identifies
An approach for robust digital image watermarking using DWTPCA
10.46243/jst.2021.v6.i04.pp59-62 · JournalArticle — an article in a journal · Digital · Visual · Language · en
Published 2021-08-16
Part of Journal of Science & Technology · ISSN 2456-5660 · vol. 06 · no. 01 · pp. 59–62
Principal agents
- A. O. Mulani (author → Author)
- G. N. Shinde (author → Author)
- Longman Publishers (publisher → Publisher)
Also in the record, outside the Kernel: the abstract, the licence, 4 links, 22 references. Source: Crossref (member 25296), registered 2026-09-08, last deposited 2026-09-20.
System metadata — ISO 26324:2025, Annex B · DOI Handbook 10.1
Each element by the standard's name and the Handbook's (in grey), read off the record.
| DOI Name DOI name | 10.46243/jst.2021.v6.i04.pp59-62 |
| Referent Type referentType | Creation |
| Referent Sub-Type referentSubType | JournalArticle — an article in a journal |
| Referent Name(s) referentName(s) | An approach for robust digital image watermarking using DWTPCA (PrincipalTitle, en) |
| Basic Metadata basicMetadata | author: A. O. Mulani author: G. N. Shinde publisher: Longman Publishers published: 2021-08-16 part of: Journal of Science & Technology · ISSN 2456-5660 · vol. 06 · no. 01 · pp. 59–62 language: en form: Digital · Visual · Language |
| Referent Identifier(s) alternateIdentifier(s) | none besides the DOI |
| Registration Authority registrationAuthorityCode | Crossref — issued by Crossref (member 25296); held here as a copy |
| Created Date issueDate | 2026-09-08 |
| relatedIdentifiers | none needed — the descriptive metadata is in this record |
The record
{
"format": "smartscholars-doi-metadata/1.0",
"doi": "10.46243/jst.2021.v6.i04.pp59-62",
"referent": "Creation",
"type": "JournalArticle",
"structural_type": "Digital",
"modes": [
"Visual"
],
"characters": [
"Language"
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"titles": [
{
"value": "An approach for robust digital image watermarking using DWTPCA",
"type": "PrincipalTitle",
"lang": "en"
}
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"identifiers": [
{
"type": "DOI",
"value": "10.46243/jst.2021.v6.i04.pp59-62"
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"agents": [
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"role": "author",
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"family": "A. O. Mulani"
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"family": "G. N. Shinde"
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{
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"name": {
"org": "Longman Publishers"
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"dates": {
"published": "2021-08-16",
"date_type": "PublicationDate",
"online": "2021-08-16"
},
"language": "en",
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"type": "Journal",
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"pages": {
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"links": [
{
"url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/399",
"return_type": "text/html",
"primary": true
},
{
"url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/399/354",
"purpose": "text-mining",
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{
"url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/399/2651",
"purpose": "text-mining",
"return_type": "application/xml"
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{
"url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/399/354",
"purpose": "similarity-checking"
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],
"abstract": {
"value": "A complete approach for watermarking is presented in this System, by using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). There are some watermarking techniques like DCT, DWT, and DWT-SVD, but there is a disadvantage in the watermarking to withstand attacks. Hence the new digital image watermarking algorithm is proposed which provide robust watermarking with minimal amount of distortion in case of attacks. DWT offers scalability and PCA helps in diminishing relationship among the wavelet coefficients acquired from wavelet disintegration of each square in this manner scattering the watermark bits into the interrelated coefficient. Peak signal-tonoise ratio (PSNR) is used as a measure for invisibility in watermarked image. The higher value of PSNR indicates the better invisibility of watermark. whereas similarity between two images by normalized correlation coefficient test the transparency and robustness against various attacks like cropping, noise, rotation, filtering etc. The proposed system should provide the recoverable watermark without any reasonable amount of distortion even in case of attacks",
"lang": "en"
},
"license": {
"url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"start": "2021-08-16",
"applies_to": "vor"
},
"references": [
{
"key": "ref1",
"doi": "10.1016/j.csi.2008.09.031",
"unstructured": "Bhatnagar, G. and B. Raman, 2009. “A new robust reference watermarking scheme based DWT-SVD”, Comp. Stand. Inter., 31(5): 1002-1013, Sup.2009"
},
{
"key": "ref2",
"unstructured": "Sanjana Sinha, Prajnat Bardhan, “Digital Video Watermarking using Discrete WaveletTransform and Principal Component Analysis”, International Journal of Wisdom Based Computing, Vol. 1 (2), August 2011"
},
{
"key": "ref3",
"doi": "10.19026/rjaset.9.1433",
"unstructured": "S. Maheswari, K. Rameshwaran and K.M. Malarselvi,”DCT-PCA Based Watermarking on E-governance Documents”, Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 9(7): 507-511, 2015"
},
{
"key": "ref4",
"doi": "10.5815/ijigsp.2015.01.06",
"unstructured": "Mushtaq Ahmad Peer and P. Nagabhushan, “A Robust Color Image Watermarking Scheme Using Discrete Wavelet Transformation” I.J. Image, Graphics and Signal Processing, 2015, 1, 47-52, December 2014"
},
{
"key": "ref5",
"doi": "10.1016/s1665-6423(14)71612-8",
"unstructured": "Hai Tao, Li Chongmin, Jasni Mohamad Zain, Ahmed N. Abdulla,” Robust Image Watermarking Theories and Techniques: A Review”, Journal of Applied Research and Technology, Feb 2014"
},
{
"key": "ref6",
"doi": "10.1109/83.817598",
"unstructured": "Hernandez J.R, M. Amado and F.P. Gonazalez,”DCT-domain watermarking techniques for still images”, Detector performance analysis and a new structure. IEEE T. Image Process. 9: 55-68, 2000"
},
{
"key": "ref7",
"doi": "10.1109/ares.2009.132",
"unstructured": "A. H. Taherinia1 and M. Jamzad2,”A Robust Image Watermarking using Two Level DCT and Wavelet Packets Denoising”, International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security, 2009"
},
{
"key": "ref8",
"doi": "10.1016/j.csi.2009.06.004",
"unstructured": "Lin S.D, S.C.Shie, J.Y.Guo,”Improving the robustness of DCT-based image watermarking against JPEG compression”. Comp. Stand. Inter., 32(1/2): 54- 60, 2010"
},
{
"key": "ref9",
"doi": "10.1109/30.826385",
"unstructured": "Chuan-Fu, W. and H. Wen-Shyong,”Digital watermarking using zero tree of DCT”,IEEE T. Consum. Electr., 46(1) : 87-94"
},
{
"key": "ref10",
"doi": "10.1016/j.csi.2009.06.004",
"unstructured": "Shinfeng D. Lin, Shih-ChiehShie,” Improving the robustness of DCT-based image watermarking against JPEG compression”,Computer Standards & Interfaces 32 54–60 2010"
},
{
"key": "ref11",
"unstructured": "Rong-Chi Chang,”The Renovation of the Digital Watermarking Technique”,Tamsui Oxford Journal of Mathematical Sciences 21(2) (2005) 291- 304AletheiaUniversity,Oct 21, 2005"
},
{
"key": "ref12",
"doi": "10.7763/ijet.2011.v3.298",
"unstructured": "S.Maheswari and K. Rameshwaran,” Robust Blind Complex Double Haar Wavelet Transform Based Watermarking Algorithm for Digital Images” IACSIT International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 6, December 2011"
},
{
"key": "ref13",
"unstructured": "Sneha Singh, Vaishali Ghate, Manish Bhelande,”New image digital watermarking using PCA–DWT with robustness “international journal of advanced research in computer science and applications, feb 2016"
},
{
"key": "ref14",
"doi": "10.11591/eei.v6i2.651",
"unstructured": "Mulani Altaf O. and P. B. Mane, “Watermarking and Cryptography based Image Authentication on reconfigurable platform”, Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, June 2017"
},
{
"key": "ref15",
"unstructured": "Mulani Altaf O. and P. B. Mane, \"An Efficient implementation of DWT for image compression on reconfigurable platform\", International Journal of Control Theory and Applications, Jan. 2017"
},
{
"key": "ref16",
"doi": "10.1007/978-981-10-1540-3_20",
"unstructured": "Kulkarni Priyanka R., Altaf O. Mulani and P. B. Mane, \"Robust Invisible Watermarking for Image Authentication.\" Emerging Trends in Electrical, Communications and Information Technologies: Proceedings of ICECIT-2015. Springer Singapore, 2017"
},
{
"key": "ref17",
"doi": "10.21275/sr211218163155",
"unstructured": "Kulkarni Priyanka R., and Altaf O. Mulani. \"Robust Invisible Digital Image Watermarking using Discrete Wavelet Transform.\" International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT), Vol. 4. No. 01, Jan"
},
{
"key": "ref18",
"unstructured": "Ganesh Shinde and Altaf Mulani, “A Robust Digital Image Watermarking using DWT-PCA”, International Journal of Innovations in Engineering Research and Technology (IJIERT), Vol. 6 Issue 4 April 2019"
},
{
"key": "ref19",
"doi": "10.1109/icecds.2017.8390088",
"unstructured": "S. S. Swami and A. O. Mulani, “An efficient FPGA implementation of Discrete Wavelet Transform for image compression”, International Conference on Energy, Communication, Data Analytics and Soft Computing (ICECDS), 2017"
},
{
"key": "ref20",
"doi": "10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i39/101888",
"unstructured": "A.O.Mulani and Dr.P.B.Mane, “Area Efficient High Speed FPGA Based Invisible Watermarking for Image Authentication”, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol.9. No.39, Oct. 2016"
},
{
"key": "ref21",
"doi": "10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.2025",
"unstructured": "Makrand M Jadhav, Gajanan H. Chavan, and Altaf O. Mulani, “Machine Learning based Autonomous Fire Combat Turret”, Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education, Vol.12 No.2 (2021), 2372-2381, https://doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.2025"
},
{
"key": "ref22",
"doi": "10.11591/eei.v6i2.651",
"unstructured": "A.O.Mulani and Dr.P.B.Mane, “Watermarking and Cryptography Based Image Authentication on Reconfigurable Platform”, Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Vol.6 No.2, pp 181-187, 2017"
}
],
"record": {
"registrant": "Longman Publishers",
"registered": "2026-09-08",
"updated": "2026-09-20",
"issue_number": 1,
"source": "crossref-api",
"source_agency": "Crossref (member 25296)"
}
}The Kernel Metadata Declaration
DOIMetadataKernel.xsd · namespace http://www.doi.org/2010/DOISchema · Attribute Value Sets 2.3 · draft — the agency's DOI name is filled in on accreditation
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- DRAFT declaration: Smart Scholars is not yet a DOI Registration Agency. registrationAgencyDoiName is a marker (10.0/ is no RA's prefix) and is filled in on accreditation. -->
<kernelMetadata xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.doi.org/2010/DOISchema https://www.doi.org/doi_schemas/DOIMetadataKernel.xsd" xmlns="http://www.doi.org/2010/DOISchema">
<referentDoiName>10.46243/jst.2021.v6.i04.pp59-62</referentDoiName>
<primaryReferentType>Creation</primaryReferentType>
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<issueDate>2026-10-04</issueDate>
<issueNumber>1</issueNumber>
<referentCreation>
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<type>DOI</type>
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<identifier>
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<type>URI</type>
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<type>URI</type>
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<identifier>
<uri>https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/399/354</uri>
<type>URI</type>
</identifier>
<structuralType>Digital</structuralType>
<mode>Visual</mode>
<character>Language</character>
<type>JournalArticle</type>
<principalAgent>
<name>
<value>A. O. Mulani</value>
<type>PrincipalName</type>
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<role>Author</role>
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<principalAgent>
<name>
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<type>PrincipalName</type>
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<role>Author</role>
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<principalAgent>
<name>
<value>Longman Publishers</value>
<type>PrincipalName</type>
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<linkedCreation>
<name>
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<type>ISSN</type>
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<language>en</language>
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